Oktay MAMEDOV
Doct. Econ. (DSc), Professor, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

TERRA ECONOMICUS, 2017, Vol. 15 (no. 3),

p. 6-18
DOI: 10.23683/2073-6606-2017-15-3-6-18

The article deals with the "inclusiveness" – the most humane organization of the human community. The author characterizes the category of inclusiveness in the following way: if one looks at each worker, it will be found that all of them have some peculiarities, problems and originality, a unique combination of which turns an employee into an individual personality. Accounting for all these personal characteristics, while maintaining equal treatment of workers, despite their distinguishing fads, addictions, abilities, passions, diseases and injuries, strong and weak competencies, poor quality education and quality training – is an inclusive organization of the economy. One can even say that inclusiveness is a "personified economy", that is, an economy built with respect to the creative characteristics of each employee. For an economically developed society inclusive organization of production is quite achievable. And, as the postindustrial economy grows into a creative one, inclusiveness becomes the main factor of economic growth. However a different – "multi-special" – organization of labor, production, economy and society, education and health, everyday and non-everyday life is required. Namely, such a "multisocial" organization is beyond the power of bureaucracy and state, because the latter cannot and are not able to reach every person and his/her personal characteristics. That is why inclusiveness, which grows out of the market principles, liberalism and democracy, and realizes them in full scale, becomes a priority trend in the mechanism of economic growth, which inevitably leads to the "inclusive civilization". Not surprisingly, today inclusiveness is in the focus of all social scientists of all countries. With this approach, we have to state that the modern world is preoccupied with a multitude of supra-individual problems.With the emergence of the phenomenon of "inclusiveness", the situation can change dramatically, because, in a broad sense, the tendency towards systemic inclusiveness means a conscious support of the society by the efforts of the individual striving for an existence worthy of human dignity. The author argues that, as the creative economy shapes, geared towards the realization of the personal potential of each economy’s participant, inclusiveness acquires the status of the main criterion of economic civilization. In fact, though not fully conscious, but between national economies, global competition is unfolding, showing its essence in the degree of real inclusiveness of national economy. The main author's conclusion is that each historical stage of social production experiences a different interest in its participants: at the initial stage, the individual principle had prevailed, and each participant of the economy had been important as a person, but then, with each subsequent stage, this interest faded away, with finally reached critical level at the age of conveyer production. And only advent of computerInternet technology returns interest to the employee's personality. The direct dependence occurs at that: the higher the creativity of production, the stronger the trend towards inclusiveness. Therefore, the transition to an inclusive civilization would symbolize (in the aspect of social organization of public life) a new step in curbing bureaucratic omnipotence and strengthening the positions of the civil society.

Vitaliy L. TAMBOVTSEV
Doctor of Economics, Senior Staff Scientist, Faculty of Economics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

TERRA ECONOMICUS, 2017, Vol. 15 (no. 3),

p. 19-31
DOI: 10.23683/2073-6606-2017-15-3-19-31

Citizens’ welfare in large part is depending on quantity and quality of the club and merit goods that they consume at their living places. These parameters of the goods in turn are depending on, firstly, the volumes of available resources, and secondly, the municipal staff incentives for qualified and creative work in the sphere of these goods production and/or delivery. These incentives affect particularly the volumes of available resources too, by entering or non-entering in some kind of inter-municipal interactions. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the inter-municipal interactions (IMI) variety from the point of view municipal services delivery efficacy and efficiency. The following types of IMI are discussed: competition, coordination (collaboration), coopetition (competition and collaboration simultaneously), and merger as “marginal” form of IMI. The analyses show that by reason of municipal services heterogeneity, and differences of the links between services delivery costs and municipality size, there are different discrete institutional alternatives providing various services delivery efficacy and efficiency.

Valentyn VISHNEVSKYI
Doctor of Economics (DSc), Professor, Head of Department of Financial and Economic Problems of Production Potential Use, Institute of the Economy of Industry of the NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine

Nataliya SHELUDKO
Doctor of Economics (DSc), Professor, Head of department of the monetary and credit relations, Institute for Economiсs and Forecasting of NAS of Ukrainе, Kyiv, Ukraine

TERRA ECONOMICUS, 2017, Vol. 15 (no. 3),

p. 32-55
DOI: 10.23683/2073-6606-2017-15-3-32-55

The scale of the contradictions in the globalized world, connected with the accelerated population growth in the conditions of limited vital natural resources and aggravation of environmental threats, as well as expanding gap between production rates and the money supply, form a situation of new normality, which is characterized by global financial instability and exacerbation of the currency struggle. The global financial system has excelled at enabling market manipulation, speculation, and insider trading, but has failed at its core task: intermediating savings and investment on a global scale. In next following decades, it will be divided (if abstracted away from the British pound and the Japanese yen) into unstable zones of the predominant influence of US dollar (relatively stable), euro (shrinking) and yuan (growing). Russian ruble will remain on the world periphery, and the expected some increase in its influence will have a predominantly regional character. In general, the world will continue to move to a multipolar financial architecture, the formation of which will be associated with the «warming up» of new hotbeds of financial instability and increasing volatility and systemic risks in the long run. To date the next round of financial contradictions’ escalation is beginning, connected with the aggravation of currencies’ struggle. Control over production, which is being updated according to rapidly progressing technologies of the Industry 4.0, is on the line of new clashes. It is of fundamental importance, who, using monetary instruments as well, can become the leader of the new industrial structure of the world. By the end of the 2020-ies the main part of the world manufacturing industry will already be covered by the technologies of the industrial Internet of things. In combination with the expected expansion of the scope and strength of the yuan’s influence, this will allow us to draw an intermediate line and set new positions of the parties. Further development of events in the field of global finance will be determined by the dynamics and structure of the economic and monetary potential characterizing the power of commodity-money flows of countries of the world. That global player, who, in the course of forming a new industrial structure of the world, will be able to make it more dynamic and balanced, will gain important advantages in the struggle for world leadership.

Rustem M. Nureev
Doct. Sci. (Econ.), Financial University under the Government of Russian Federation

Evgeniy G. Busygin
PhD Student, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia

TERRA ECONOMICUS, 2017, Vol. 15 (no. 3),

p. 56-74
DOI: 10.23683/2073-6606-2017-15-3-56-74

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the costs of target countries from imposing sanctions on the part of the exporting countries of sanctions.The paper provides a classification of sanctions depending on the purposes of application: sanctions related to regime change; sanctions related to interference in military operations; sanctions related to the weakening of military capabilities; sanctions related to other major policy changes.

The leader in the implementation of the sanctions policy, regardless of the objectives in the period from 1910 to 2000 were the United States. The USSR is among the countries against which sanctions were targetedmost often. It is the developed countries such as the United States, Great Britain, Japan that initiated the introduction of sanctions, while the developing countries were for the most part the countries against which they were imposed.

The problem of effectiveness of imposing sanctions on the example of South Africa, Iraq and Haiti is considered in the work; an analysis of the costs associated with the implementation of sanctions policies against countries such as Cote d’Ivoire, Iraq, Iran, Angola, Liberia, Zimbabwe. The economic situation in the country against which sanctions are directed depends more on the measures taken by the exporting countries than on how many times the sanctions were applied against a particular country. The trade embargo is the most damaging to the economy of the target country, which manifests itself in a decrease in GDP or a slowdown in its growth rates, a reduction in the volume of export-import transactions and investments.

Vyacheslav V. Dementyev
Doct. Sci. (Econ.), Professor, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

Aleksandr P. Scherbakov
, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

TERRA ECONOMICUS, 2017, Vol. 15 (no. 3),

p. 75-91
DOI: 10.23683/2073-6606-2017-15-3-75-91

This article analyzes the profits, as one of the main factors of economic growth. It is shown that the owner’s motivation to actions aimed at economic growth is an opportunity to make a profit. The lack of profit or its limitations in space and time, as well as limited opportunities to increase profit, result in the lack of motivation to do business, to invest and expand production, as well as in the lack of resources for private investment and the reduction of budget revenues. The central subject of discussion on economic growth, according to the author, should be, above all, the discussion of possible models and directions of maximizing profit. It is shown that the source of economic profit is the inequality between different firms, both within the country and between firms belonging to different national economies. Inequality creates advantages, which are realized as profits. Depending on what are the advantages of the company, the different models of creating profit are marked out. It is shown that each model generates its own profit accumulation regime (creation, distribution, storage and use of profits). Since the models considered play a different role in creating aggregate profits in the national economy, one can speak of the dominant model (models) of creating profit in the national economy. In order to manage economic growth, it is necessary to influence, first, the choice by entrepreneurs of profit maximization models and, secondly, the average profit rate in the national economy. The basis of economic policy (macro-economic, institutional), focused on economic growth, should be a policy of creating macro-economic and institutional conditions for improving the profitability of the national economy.

Alexander A. Ermolenko
Doct. Sci. (Econ.), Professor, Southern Institute of Management

Olga V. Brizhak
Cand. Sci. (Econ.), Associate Professor, Kuban State Technological University

TERRA ECONOMICUS, 2017, Vol. 15 (no. 3),

p. 92-105
DOI: 10.23683/2073-6606-2017-15-3-92-105

At the present stage the interweaving of a variety of complex and multidirectional transformation processes creates specific conditions for economic development, forming a different kind of problem nodes in the study who demand new ideas, interdisciplinary opportunities, as well as the results of the reconsideration of the previously established concepts. In this respect interest is the concept of conformity that occurred in the 30th–40th years of the twentieth century. Her cognitive ability has been successfully tested on different research areas (psychology, biology, sociology, etc.), positively manifested itself in a number of interdisciplinary research. Rethinking existing ideas about the conformity and the application of the relevant results is important for the Russian economic science, in particular in the direction of analysis of the key issues that emerged at the crossroads of several transformation processes. The authors substantiate the legitimacy, relevance and necessity of using methodological tools concept of conformism, meaningful as applied to modern stage of economic development, the system analysis results of the economic transformations related to modern integrated forms: large corporations, territorial economic formations, etc. Wide application of this tool can lead to interesting results in terms of development of the productive sphere of the Russian economy development in conditions of external constraints, as well as in terms of enrichment of the methodological and theoretical Arsenal of economic science. The authors focus on the interdisciplinary nature of the alleged scientific problems because of its design popular features formed on various areas of scientific 94 А.А. ЕРМОЛЕНКО, О.В. БРИЖАК ТЕRRА ECONOMICUS  2017 Том 15 № 3 КОНЦЕПТ КОНФОРМИЗМА: НОВЫЕ ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ В ИССЛЕДОВАНИИ... 95 research: analysis of the Genesis of the phenomenon and relationships between the various stages of its development, personalization of relations in the economic system, analysis of the results of the development impact of system factors that have a different nature while maintaining the conceptual integrity of the study, a productive combination of various scientific approaches, the cultivation of new institutions. The authors strive for an adequate assessment of potential adaptation to a set of transformation processes, which have systemic economic actors involved in these processes.

Rifat Ilgizovich Khabibullin
Research Associate, Central Economics and Mathematics Institute RAS (CEMI RAS)

Eugene Vadimovich Sedov
The Main Expert of the Economic Legislation Department, The Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation

TERRA ECONOMICUS, 2017, Vol. 15 (no. 3),

p. 106-130
DOI: 10.23683/2073-6606-2017-15-3-106-130

This paper presents the contemporary state of workers’ public companies (public enterprises) development as a special form of performance management, which provides full involvement of the staff in management processes, interest balance of business activity members and high level of corporate solidarity. The authors have analyzed regional and brunch specific features of public enterprises development and have shown the efficiency of workers’ public companies even in negative institutional environment. Such enterprises have the balance of advantage in providing the motivation of efficient labor, in coping with antagonism between labor and capital, in decreasing the level of workers’ opportunistic behavior, in output quality increasing. In the midst of Russian economy public enterprises definitely cannot and do not have to supplant all the commercial organizations. But at the same time they are able to find the effective practice in certain fields and especially in a down economy, when the collective enterprises show their advantages as compared to other commercial companies. The authors come to the conclusion, that one of the main problems for the wide extension of such business pattern as workers’ public companies is the existing legal terrain, which at bottom torpedoes the process of new public companies establishment and prevents the wide extension of the given business pattern. The main legal restrictions, blocking the development of collective business activity in corporate form are revealed. The authors make a critical analysis of the latest academic literature projects on the establishment and development of public enterprises in this country. It is shown that every last of proposed variants of public enterprises non-popularity in Russia have major deficiencies, namely the complication of their real realization in business practice. In order to harmonize the legislation of workers’ public companies the authors propose the improvement actions of regulatory device of public enterprises establishment and development in contemporary Russia.

Anna Shevyakova
South Ural University, Chelyabinsk, Russia

Alena Romanova
The National Chamber of Entrepreneurs of Kazakhstan «Atameken», Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan

Elena Wechkinzova
V.A. Trapeznikov Institute of Control Sciences of Russian Academy of Sciences

TERRA ECONOMICUS, 2017, Vol. 15 (no. 3),

p. 131-143
DOI: 10.23683/2073-6606-2017-15-3-131-143

In today’s difficult economic situation in Kazakhstan state-private partnership can become a quite productive form of cooperation between the state and business, as in a state of crisis, stability of demand from the state is a crucial instrument for reducing the risk of investment and building the confidence of credit institutions. However, despite the recognition of this form of cooperation in foreign countries one of the most important tools for improving national (and regional) competitiveness, introduction of mechanisms of public-private partnerships in the Kazakhstan practice is slow. Pendency of a number of methodological issues of the transition to a partnership between the state and business, lack of experience of such partnerships, underdeveloped legislative and regulatory framework at all levels, bureaucratic obstacles hindered the implementation of public-private partnership in Kazakhstan.

Anastasia V. Karavay
Cand. Sci. (Sociology), Senior Research Associate, Institute of the Social Analysis and Forecasting, RANEPA

TERRA ECONOMICUS, 2017, Vol. 15 (no. 3),

p. 144-158
DOI: 10.23683/2073-6606-2017-15-3-144-158

Based on the data of the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMSHSE) quality of human capital of the Russians workers in its classical definition, analysis is presented in the article. For the purposes of the analysis, the special index and individual indicators have been constructed. It is shown that in domestic labor market there are serious discrepancies between the vocational training of workers and the duties which are carried out by them, since formally identical jobs in many cases are occupied by people with absolutely different level of human capital. Construction of the Index of the quality of general human capital helped to identify the group of workers with its high quality that exceeds the average level of the Russian workers. This group can potentially be a reserve for development and implementation of innovations in the domestic economy. The main advantages of workers with high quality of human capital are knowledge on computer technologies and professional education which does not necessarily correspond, however, to a profile of the performed work. The analysis of dynamics of quality of the human capital of workers has also shown that since the mid-1990s it has been gradually increasing up to 2010. However after 2010 this trend has been reversed: workers not only less often choose the work according to a profile of their professional education, but also are in general less likely to get a got. Serious barriers on the way of improvement of the quality of the Russian workers’ human capital are, firstly, limited and not growing number of the jobs that involve high qualification, and secondly, absence of demand for highly skilled workers from employers. Determination of other reasons of the decline in the quality of the Russian workers’ human capital observed in recent years is seen as the goal for further research.

Nataliya V. Latova
Cand. Sci. (Sociology), Senior Researcher, Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences

TERRA ECONOMICUS, 2017, Vol. 15 (no. 3),

p. 159-177
DOI: 10.23683/2073-6606-2017-15-3-159-177

The author deal with the issue of the quality of the human capital of workers in modern Russia in comparison with the similar characteristics of workers in eight foreign countries. The comparative analysis is based on the data of the International Social Research Program ISSP «Labor Activity», 2015 (selection of 1475 workers occupied on production, i.e. not less than 150 people in each country). In addition to the database for 2015, the data on similar ISSP studies for 2005 and 1997 were used. Identification of the professional status was carried out on the basis of the classifier ISCO-08. The final indicator of the human capital demonstrates a significant lag in the human capital of the Russian workers from similar groups of workers in developed foreign countries. Though the Russian workers have a good general and specific human capital, they lack knowledge renewal. In Russia training is still perceived as a stage of growing up, but not as a normal way of life for workers. Though the dynamics for the period 2005–2015 shows positive changes in the human capital of the Russian workers, but foreign countries were on the march, therefore the gap between the human capital of the Russian workers and similar groups of workers in foreign countries remained. The comparison of the dynamics of the human capital of workers in Norway and Venezuela revealed two different approaches to the «resource curse» which is also relevant for Russia. The first is the Norwegian way with orientation to the future and understanding of need to invest in the programs to stimulate the development of the human capital. The second is the Venezuelan way with social programs that in the first place ensure current consumption and do not form the population’s need for the development of their labor resources.

Vyacheslav V. Volchik
Doct. Sci. (Econ.), Professor, Southern Federal University

Alexander A. Zhuk
Doct. Sci. (Econ.), Professor, Southern Federal University

Maxim A. Korytsev
Doct. Sci. (Econ.), Professor, Southern Federal University

TERRA ECONOMICUS, 2017, Vol. 15 (no. 3),

p. 178-196
DOI: 10.23683/2073-6606-2017-15-3-178-196

Institutional and organizational change in the field of higher education in Russia occur permanently, though its intensity varies. Reforms in higher education are closely linked to market-oriented rhetoric. This approach to reforms originates from the New public management (NPM) concept, which emphasizes educational services markets building. The effectiveness of change in higher education largely depends on the quality of the competitive environment. The competitive environment is a set of competitive interactions of market agents coordinated by institutional constraints established on each specific market, and exploitation of the relative comparative advantages of each organization. This interpretation of the competitive environment, implies that creation of competitive conditions for institutions of higher education and market for educational services involves institutional and organizational constraints. This paper presents the analysis of the competitive environment development in higher education in the Rostov region (South of Russia). Particular attention is paid to the latest institutional innovations related to the creation of the leading regional universities: Southern Federal University and Don State Technical University. Competitive processes in higher education are associated with a strong influence of state regulation that orient universities to achieve development targets. The institutional traps that are the result of the evolution of the institutional environment of Russian higher education have a big impact on competitive processes. In the context of a competitive environment creation, it should be borne in mind that the reformed universities in the region are faced with the problem of creating markets that will affect the demand for high-skilled personnel, knowledge-intensive products and innovations needed for sustainable growth in the regional economy.