GLOBAL FINANCIAL INSTABILITY AS A «NEW NORMALITY»: ORIGINS, CHALLENGES, PROSPECTS
Valentyn VISHNEVSKYI
Doctor of Economics (DSc), Professor, Head of Department of Financial and Economic Problems of Production Potential Use, Institute of the Economy of Industry of the NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
Doctor of Economics (DSc), Professor, Head of Department of Financial and Economic Problems of Production Potential Use, Institute of the Economy of Industry of the NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
Nataliya SHELUDKO
Doctor of Economics (DSc), Professor, Head of department of the monetary and credit relations, Institute for Economiсs and Forecasting of NAS of Ukrainе, Kyiv, Ukraine
Doctor of Economics (DSc), Professor, Head of department of the monetary and credit relations, Institute for Economiсs and Forecasting of NAS of Ukrainе, Kyiv, Ukraine
TERRA ECONOMICUS,
2017, Vol.
15
(no. 3),
The scale of the contradictions in the globalized world, connected with the
accelerated population growth in the conditions of limited vital natural resources
and aggravation of environmental threats, as well as expanding gap between
production rates and the money supply, form a situation of new normality, which
is characterized by global financial instability and exacerbation of the currency
struggle.
The global financial system has excelled at enabling market manipulation,
speculation, and insider trading, but has failed at its core task: intermediating
savings and investment on a global scale. In next following decades, it will be
divided (if abstracted away from the British pound and the Japanese yen) into
unstable zones of the predominant influence of US dollar (relatively stable), euro
(shrinking) and yuan (growing). Russian ruble will remain on the world periphery,
and the expected some increase in its influence will have a predominantly regional
character. In general, the world will continue to move to a multipolar financial
architecture, the formation of which will be associated with the «warming up» of
new hotbeds of financial instability and increasing volatility and systemic risks in
the long run.
To date the next round of financial contradictions’ escalation is beginning,
connected with the aggravation of currencies’ struggle. Control over production, which
is being updated according to rapidly progressing technologies of the Industry 4.0, is
on the line of new clashes. It is of fundamental importance, who, using monetary instruments as well, can become the leader of the new industrial structure of the
world. By the end of the 2020-ies the main part of the world manufacturing industry
will already be covered by the technologies of the industrial Internet of things. In
combination with the expected expansion of the scope and strength of the yuan’s
influence, this will allow us to draw an intermediate line and set new positions of
the parties.
Further development of events in the field of global finance will be determined by
the dynamics and structure of the economic and monetary potential characterizing
the power of commodity-money flows of countries of the world. That global player,
who, in the course of forming a new industrial structure of the world, will be able to
make it more dynamic and balanced, will gain important advantages in the struggle
for world leadership.
Keywords:
financial instability; «new normality»; monetary policy; monetary centers; the struggle of currencies
References:
- Арриги, Дж. (2009). Адам Смит в Пекине: Что получил в наследство ХХI век. М.: Институт общественного проектирования.
- Бьюкенен, П. (2003). Смерть Запада. М.: ACT. Веддер, Р. (2009). Эволюция глобальной финансовой системы // eJournal USA, т. 14, № 5, с. 27–30.
- Всемирный банк (2014). Доклад об экономике России. Неопределенность эконо- мической политики ограничивает горизонт роста. Департамент по сокращению бед- ности и экономической политике региона Европы и Центральной Азии, № 32.
- Данилов-Данильян, В., Рейф, И. (2014). Экологический след современного челове- ка и глобальные угрозы, с ним связанные // Наука и жизнь, № 12, c. 3–12.
- Дементьев, В. (2009). Длинные волны экономического развития и финансовые «пузыри» // Препринт # WP/2009/252. М.: ЦЭМИ РАН.
- МВФ (2016). Доклад по вопросам глобальной финансовой стабильности: Аналити- ческое резюме. Международный валютный фонд, 26 сентября.
- Перес, К. (2011). Технологические революции и финансовый капитал. Динамика «пузырей» и периодов процветания. М.: Дело АНХ.
- ПРООН (2015). Доклад о человеческом развитии 2015. Труд во имя человеческого развития. Резюме. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
- Хантингтон, С. (2003). Столкновение цивилизаций. М.: АСТ.
- 24/7 Wall St. (2012). The World’s Most Resource-Rich Countries (http://247wallst.com/special-report/2012/04/18/the-worlds-most-resource-rich-countries/ – Аccessed 22 Jun. 2016).
- Akyüz, Y. (2015). Internationalization of Finance And Changing Vulnerabilities in Emerging and Developing Economies // South Centre, Research Papers, 60.
- Allen & Overy (2015). Generation ¥ – RMB: the new global currency // Allenovery.com, an Economist Intelligence Unit report.
- Berlemann, M. and Wesselhöft, J.-E. (2014). Estimating Aggregate Capital Stocks Using the Perpetual Inventory Method. A Survey of Previous Implementations and New Empirical Evidence for 103 Countries // Review of Economics, 65, 1–34.
- Cao, C., Li, N., Li, X. and Liu, L. (2013). Science and Government. Reforming China’s S&T system // Science, 3, 460–462.
- CNN (2017). Inaugural address: Trump’s full speech (http://edition.cnn. com/2017/01/20/politics/trump-inaugural-address/ – Аccessed 24 Jan. 2017).
- Dobbs, R., Lund, S., Woetzel, J. and Mutafchieva, M. (2015). Debt and (not much) deleveraging. Report – McKinsey Global Institute (http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/ employment-and-growth/debt-and-not-much-deleveraging – Аccessed 8 Feb. 2017).
- Duhigg, C. and Bradsherjan, K. (2012). How the U.S. Lost Out on iPhone Work // The New York Time (http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/business/apple-america-and-asqueezed-middle-class.html?_r=1&hp=&pagewanted=all – Аccessed 29 Jan. 2017).
- Dunning, J. (1998). Location and the Multinational Enterprise: A Neglected Factor? // Journal of International Business Studies, 29(1), 45–66.
- Economist.com (2015). A tightening grip. Rising Chinese wages will only strengthen Asia’s hold on manufacturing (http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21646180-rising-chinese-wages-will-only-strengthen-asias-hold-manufacturing-tightening-grip – Аccessed 19 Feb. 2017).
- Edition.cnn.com (2008). Minorities expected to be majority in 2050 // CNN (http:// edition.cnn.com/2008/US/08/13/census.minorities/ – Аccessed 29 Jan. 2017).
- Ellram, L., Tate, W. and Petersen, K. (2013). Offshoring and Reshoring: An Update on the Manufacturing Location Decision // Journal of Supply Chain Management, 49(2), 14–22.
- Executive Office of the President, Council of Economic Advisors (2016). Economic Report of the President Transmitted to the Congress February 2016. Together with the Annual Report of the Council of Economic Advisers.
- Executive Office of the President, Council of Economic Advisors (2015). Economic Report of the President Transmitted to the Congress February 2015. Together with the Annual Report of the Council of Economic Advisers.
- Global Firepower (2017). 2016 World Military Powers (http://www.globalfirepower. com/countries-listing.asp – Аccessed 19 Feb. 2017).
- Gross, B. (2017). Bill Gross Investment Outlook February 2017 (https://www.janus. com/insights/bill-gross-investment-outlook – Аccessed 22 Feb. 2017).
- Hoffman, K. (2015). Precious Metals Mining: Pros and Cons of the Gold Standard (http://www.bloomberg.com/professional/blog/precious-metals-mining-pros-and-consof-the-gold-standard/ – Аccessed 19 Feb. 2017).
- Hummel, J. (2011). Ben Bernanke versus Milton Friedman. The Federal Reserve’s Emergence as the U.S. Economy’s Central Planner // The Independent Review, 15(4), 485–518.
- IMF (2016). IMF Launches New SDR Basket Including Chinese Renminbi, Determines New Currency Amounts (https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2016/09/30/AM16-PR16440- IMF-Launches-New-SDR-Basket-Including-Chinese-Renminbi – Аccessed 29 Jan. 2017).
- Jones, С. (2017). Trump’s top trade adviser accuses Germany of currency exploitation // Financial Times (https://www.ft.com/content/57f104d2-e742-11e6-893c-082c54a7f539 – Аccessed 8 Mar. 2017).
- Long, K. (2015). Banking industry news & analysis of international finance // Euromoney magazine (http://www.euromoney.com/Article/3446564/RMB-usage-hampered-by-expertise-liquidity-deficit.html – Аccessed 29 Jan. 2017).
- Mackinder, H. (1904). The Geographical Pivot of History // The Geographical Journal, 23(4), 421–437.
- Manyika, J., Chui, M., Bughin, J. et al. (2013). Disruptive technologies: Advances that will transform life, business, and the global economy. McKinsey Global Institute. Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L, Randers, J. and Behrens, W. (1972). Limits to Growth. New York: New American Library.
- Mohamad, М. (2003). Speech by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad of Malaysia to the Tenth Islamic Summit Conference (http://archive.adl.org/anti_semitism/malaysian. html#.VO2LhHysWDs – Аccessed 9 Feb. 2017).
- Morrison, W. and Labonte, M. (2013). China’s Holdings of U.S. Securities: Implications for the U.S. Economy // Congressional Research Service, CRS Report RL34314.
- National Intelligence Council (2012). Global Trends 2030: Alternative Worlds. NIC, USA. NIC (2012). Global Trends 2030: Alternative Worlds. National Intelligence Council, USA. OECD (2012). International Capital Mobility: Structural Policies to Reduce Financial Fragility? // OECD Economics Department Policy Notes, 13, June.
- Perez, C. (2009). Technological revolutions and techno-economic paradigms // Working Papers in Technology Governance and Economic Dynamics, 20. The Other Canon Foundation, Norway, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn.
- Prasad, E. and Ye, L. (2013). The Renminbi’s Prospects as a Global Reserve Currency // Cato Journal, 33(3), 563–570.
- PWC (2017). The long view: how will the global economic order change by 2050? (www. pwc.com – Аccessed 9 Feb. 2017).
- Rickards, J. (2011). Currency wars: the making of the next global crisis. London: Penguin Books Ltd.
- Rodrik, D. and Subramanian, A. (2009). Why Did Financial Globalization Disappoint? // International Monetary Fund, IMF Staff Papers, 56, 112–138.
- Russian.people.com.cn (2015). Комментарий: сотрудничество между Китаем и Россией вошло в этап «высокоскоростного развития» (http://russian.people.com. cn/n/2015/0625/c95181-8911435.html – Аccessed 29 Jan. 2017).
- Schwab, К. (2015). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. What It Means and How to Respond // Foreign Affairs, 12 December.
- Stiglitz, J. E. (2015). Asia’s Multilateralism // Project Syndicate (http://www.projectsyndicate.org/print/china-aiib-us-opposition-by-joseph-e--stiglitz-2015-04/ – Аccessed 19 Feb. 2017).
- Subacchi, P. (2015). American Leadership in a Multipolar World // Project Syndicate (http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/china-united-states-global-governance-by-paola-subacchi-2015-04/russian – Аccessed 19 Feb. 2017).
- SWIFT (2015). RMB strengthens its position as the second most used currency for documentary credit transactions (https://www.swift.com/insights/press-releases/rmbstrengthens-its-position-as-the-second-most-used-currency-for-documentary-credittransactions – Аccessed 19 Feb. 2017).
- SWIFT (2017). RMB Tracker. January (www.swift.com – Аccessed 19 Feb. 2017). Tavlas, G. (1998). The International Use of Currencies: The U.S. Dollar and the Euro // Finance and Development, 35, 2.
- The Economist (2015). Watch out. It is only a matter of time before the next recession strikes. The rich world is not ready (http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21654053- it-only-matter-time-next-recession-strikes-rich-world-not-ready-watch?fsrc=nlw – Аccessed 19 Feb. 2017).
- The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The World Bank (2011).
- The changing wealth of nations: measuring sustainable development in the new millennium. The World Bank (2017). Science & Technology | Data. (http://data.worldbank.org/topic/science-and-technology – Аccessed 4 Mar. 2017).
- UNDP (2014). Human Development Report 2014. Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division (2015). World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision. Volume I: Comprehensive Tables (ST/ESA/ SER.A/379). New York: United Nations.
- Unwater.org (2015). 2013 – United Nations International Year of Water Cooperation: Facts and Figures (http://www.unwater.org/water-cooperation-2013/water-cooperation/ facts-and-figures/en/ – Аccessed 9 Feb. 2017).
- Wildau, G. (2015). China’s ‘migrant miracle’ nears an end as cheap labour dwindles // Financial Times (http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/211df974-ee47-11e4-98f9-00144feab- 7de.html#axzz3bXyj53yA – Аaccessed 29 Jan. 2017).
- World Bank (2013). Capital for the Future: Saving and Investment in an Interdependent World. Global Development Horizons. Washington, DC: World Bank.
- Yuhas, A. (2015). Muslim population in Europe to reach 10% by 2050, new forecast shows // The Guardian (http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/02/muslim-population-growth-christians-religion-pew – Аccessed 29 Jan. 2017).
- 24/7 Wall St. (2012). The World’s Most Resource-Rich Countries (http://247wallst. com/special-report/2012/04/18/the-worlds-most-resource-rich-countries/ – Аccessed 22 Jun. 2016).
- Akyüz, Y. (2015). Internationalization of Finance And Changing Vulnerabilities in Emerging and Developing Economies. South Centre, Research Papers, 60.
- Allen & Overy (2015). Generation ¥ – RMB: the new global currency. Allenovery.com, an Economist Intelligence Unit report.
- Arrighi, G. (2009). Adam Smith in Beijing: Lineages of the Twenty-First Century. Moscow: Institute of Public Engineering Publ. (In Russian.)
- Berlemann, M. and Wesselhöft, J.-E. (2014). Estimating Aggregate Capital Stocks Using the Perpetual Inventory Method. A Survey of Previous Implementations and New Empirical Evidence for 103 Countries. Review of Economics, 65, 1–34.
- Buchanan, P. (2003). The Death of the West. Moscow: AST Publ. (In Russian.) Cao, C., Li, N., Li, X. and Liu, L. (2013). Science and Government. Reforming China’s S&T system. Science, 3, 460–462.
- CNN (2017). Inaugural address: Trump’s full speech (http://edition.cnn. com/2017/01/20/politics/trump-inaugural-address/ – Аccessed 24 Jan. 2017).
- Danilov-Danilyan, V. (2014). Ecological footprint of modern man and global threats associated with him. Science and Life, 12, 3–12. (In Russian.)
- Dementjev, V. (2009). Long waves of economic development and financial bubbles. Preprint # WP/2009/252. Moscow: CEMI RAS. (In Russian.)
- Dobbs, R., Lund, S., Woetzel, J. and Mutafchieva, M. (2015). Debt and (not much) deleveraging. Report – McKinsey Global Institute (http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/ employment-and-growth/debt-and-not-much-deleveraging – Аccessed 8 Feb. 2017).
- Duhigg, C. and Bradsherjan, K. (2012). How the U.S. Lost Out on iPhone Work. The New York Time (http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/business/apple-america-and-asqueezed-middle-class.html?_r=1&hp=&pagewanted=all – Аccessed 29 Jan. 2017).
- Dunning, J. (1998). Location and the Multinational Enterprise: A Neglected Factor? Journal of International Business Studies, 29(1), 45–66.
- Economist.com (2015). A tightening grip. Rising Chinese wages will only strengthen Asia’s hold on manufacturing (http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21646180-rising-chinese-wages-will-only-strengthen-asias-hold-manufacturing-tightening-grip – Аccessed19 Feb. 2017).
- Edition.cnn.com (2008). Minorities expected to be majority in 2050. CNN (http://edition.cnn.com/2008/US/08/13/census.minorities/ – Аccessed 29 Jan. 2017).
- Ellram, L., Tate, W. and Petersen, K. (2013). Offshoring and Reshoring: An Update on the Manufacturing Location Decision. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 49(2), 14–22.
- Executive Office of the President, Council of Economic Advisors (2016). Economic Report of the President Transmitted to the Congress February 2016. Together with the Annual Report of the Council of Economic Advisers.
- Executive Office of the President, Council of Economic Advisors (2015). Economic Report of the President Transmitted to the Congress February 2015. Together with the Annual Report of the Council of Economic Advisers.
- Global Firepower (2017). 2016 World Military Powers (http://www.globalfirepower. com/countries-listing.asp – Аccessed 19 Feb. 2017).
- Gross, B. (2017). Bill Gross Investment Outlook February 2017 (https://www.janus. com/insights/bill-gross-investment-outlook – Аccessed 22 Feb. 2017).
- Hoffman, K. (2015). Precious Metals Mining: Pros and Cons of the Gold Standard (http://www.bloomberg.com/professional/blog/precious-metals-mining-pros-and-consof-the-gold-standard/ – Аccessed19 Feb. 2017).
- Hummel, J. (2011). Ben Bernanke versus Milton Friedman. The Federal Reserve’s Emergence as the U.S. Economy’s Central Planner. The Independent Review, 15(4), 485–518.
- Huntington, S. (2003). The Clash of Civilizations. Moscow: Ltd AST Publ. (In Russian.) IMF (2016). IMF Launches New SDR Basket Including Chinese Renminbi, Determines New Currency Amounts (https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2016/09/30/AM16-PR16440- IMF-Launches-New-SDR-Basket-Including-Chinese-Renminbi – Аccessed 29 Jan. 2017).
- IMF (2016). Report on global financial stability. Analytical summary. International Monetary Fund, September 26. (In Russian.)
- Jones, С. (2017). Trump’s top trade adviser accuses Germany of currency exploitation. Financial Times (https://www.ft.com/content/57f104d2-e742-11e6-893c-082c54a7f539 – Аccessed 8 Mar. 2017).
- Long, K. (2015). Banking industry news & analysis of international finance. Euromoney magazine (http://www.euromoney.com/Article/3446564/RMB-usage-hampered-by-expertise-liquidity-deficit.html – Аccessed 29 Jan. 2017).
- Mackinder, H. (1904). The Geographical Pivot of History. The Geographical Journal, 23(4), 421–437.
- Manyika, J., Chui, M., Bughin, J. et al. (2013). Disruptive technologies: Advances that will transform life, business, and the global economy. McKinsey Global Institute. Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L, Randers, J. and Behrens, W. (1972). Limits to Growth. New York: New American Library.
- Mohamad, М. (2003). Speech by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad of Malaysia to the Tenth Islamic Summit Conference (http://archive.adl.org/anti_semitism/malaysian. html#.VO2LhHysWDs – Аccessed 9 Feb. 2017).
- Morrison, W. and Labonte, M. (2013). China’s Holdings of U.S. Securities: Implications for the U.S. Economy. Congressional Research Service, CRS Report RL34314.
- National Intelligence Council. (2012). Global Trends 2030: Alternative Worlds. NIC, USA.
- NIC (2012). Global Trends 2030: Alternative Worlds. National Intelligence Council, USA.
- OECD (2012). International Capital Mobility: Structural Policies to Reduce Financial Fragility? OECD Economics Department Policy Notes, 13, June.
- Perez, C. (2009). Technological revolutions and techno-economic paradigms. Working Papers in Technology Governance and Economic Dynamics, 20. The Other Canon Foundation, Norway, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn.
- Perez, C. (2011). Technological revolutions and financial capital. Dynamics of bubbles and periods of prosperity. Moscow: Publishing House “Delo ANH”. (In Russian.)
- Prasad, E. and Ye, L. (2013). The Renminbi’s Prospects as a Global Reserve Currency. Cato Journal, 33(3), 563–570.
- PWC (2017). The long view: how will the global economic order change by 2050? (www. pwc.com – Аccessed 9 Feb. 2017).
- Rickards, J. (2011). Currency wars: the making of the next global crisis. London: Penguin Books Ltd.
- Rodrik, D. and Subramanian, A. (2009). Why Did Financial Globalization Disappoint? International Monetary Fund, IMF Staff Papers, 56, 112–138.
- Russian.people.com.cn (2015). Комментарий: сотрудничество между Китаем и Россией вошло в этап «высокоскоростного развития» (http://russian.people.com. cn/n/2015/0625/c95181-8911435.html – Аccessed 29 Jan. 2017).
- Schwab, К. (2015). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. What It Means and How to Respond. Foreign Affairs, 12 December.
- Stiglitz, J. E. (2015). Asia’s Multilateralism. Project Syndicate (http://www.projectsyndicate.org/print/china-aiib-us-opposition-by-joseph-e--stiglitz-2015-04/ – Аccessed 19 Feb. 2017).
- Subacchi, P. (2015). American Leadership in a Multipolar World. Project Syndicate (http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/china-united-states-global-governance-by-paola-subacchi-2015-04/russian – Аccessed19 Feb. 2017).
- SWIFT (2015). RMB strengthens its position as the second most used currency for documentary credit transactions (https://www.swift.com/insights/press-releases/rmbstrengthens-its-position-as-the-second-most-used-currency-for-documentary-credittransactions – Аccessed 19 Feb. 2017).
- SWIFT (2017). RMB Tracker. January (www.swift.com – Аccessed 19 Feb. 2017). Tavlas, G. (1998). The International Use of Currencies: The U.S. Dollar and the Euro. Finance and Development, 35(2).
- The Economist (2015). Watch out. It is only a matter of time before the next recession strikes. The rich world is not ready (http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21654053- it-only-matter-time-next-recession-strikes-rich-world-not-ready-watch?fsrc=nlw – Аccessed 19 Feb. 2017).
- The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The World Bank (2011).
- The changing wealth of nations: measuring sustainable development in the new millennium. The World Bank (2017). Science & Technology | Data. (http://data.worldbank.org/topic/science-and-technology – Аccessed 4 Mar. 2017).
- UNDP (2014). Human Development Report 2014. Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
- UNDP (2015). Human Development Report 2015. Work for Human Development. Resume.
- New York: United Nations Development Programme. (In Russian.)
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division (2015).
- World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision. Volume I: Comprehensive Tables (ST/ESA/ SER.A/379). New York: United Nations.
- Unwater.org (2015). 2013 – United Nations International Year of Water Cooperation: Facts and Figures (http://www.unwater.org/water-cooperation-2013/water-cooperation/ facts-and-figures/en/ – Аccessed 9 Feb. 2017).
- Vedder, R. (2009). Evolution of the global financial system. eJournal USA, 14(5), 27–30. (In Russian.)
- Wildau, G. (2015). China’s ‘migrant miracle’ nears an end as cheap labour dwindles.
- Financial Times (http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/211df974-ee47-11e4-98f9-00144feab- 7de.html#axzz3bXyj53yA – Аaccessed 29 Jan. 2017).
- World Bank (2013). Capital for the Future: Saving and Investment in an Interdependent World. Global Development Horizons. Washington, DC: World Bank.
- World Bank (2014). Report on the Russian economy. Uncertainty of economic policy limits the growth horizon. Department for Poverty Reduction and Economic Policy in the Europe and Central Asia Region, 32. (In Russian.)
- Yuhas, A. (2015). Muslim population in Europe to reach 10% by 2050, new forecast shows. The Guardian (http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/02/muslim-population-growth-christians-religion-pew – Аccessed 29 Jan. 2017).
Publisher:
Southern Federal University
Founder: Southern Federal University
ISSN: 2073-6606
Founder: Southern Federal University
ISSN: 2073-6606