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TERRA ECONOMICUS

International technology transfer: In search of a new model for catching-up countries


TERRA ECONOMICUS, Vol. 23, No 2,

Citation: Ponomarev A., Gareev T. (2025). International technology transfer: In search of a new model for catching-up countries. Terra Economicus 23(2), 6–20 (in Russian). DOI: 10.18522/20736606-2025-23-2-6-20

In general, economic theories regard international technology transfer as a phenomenon that can be influenced by market incentives. The technological leader may choose to provide rights to intellectual property for a fee, which could be considered a form of “liberal” technology transfer. However, by default, the preference is to receive rents from direct investment and/or sales of high-tech products. In contrast to this model, recent decades have seen the emergence of a practice of “forced” technology transfer to the economies with a strong bargaining power. The term reflects the position of international companies (multinational corporations), emphasizing the undesirability for them to transfer technical knowledge to companies from emerging markets. Nevertheless, multinational corporations continue to adhere to this model due to the advantages of their presence in promising markets. First and foremost, this model is emblematic of China, yet other countries, including Russia, also employ it on a point-by-point basis. The liberal and “forced” technology transfer models serve to increase the supply of “first best” technology solutions. However, at the same time, they serve to further perpetuate technological dependence in countries with insufficient bargaining power or under the risk of sanctions. In search of a solution, countries are attempting to apply the “offset” technology transfer model, but it is only slowly spreading due to the unwillingness of tech leaders to share sensitive technologies. In this paper, we put forth a novel model of technology transfer for technological sustainability, which we term “voluntary”. This model is well-suited for countries with limited bargaining power that stand to benefit from enhanced technological resilience. We proceed to justify the conditions for voluntary technology transfer and elucidate the underlying principles of its practical implementation.

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Macroeconomic consequences of Khrushchev’s economic reforms


TERRA ECONOMICUS, Vol. 23, No 2,

Citation: Vinokurov S., Guryanov P. (2025). Macroeconomic consequences of Khrushchev’s economic reforms. Terra Economicus 23(2), 21–42 (in Russian). DOI: 10.18522/2073-6606-2025-232-21-42

Using the synthetic control method, we show that, beginning in 1963, the Soviet economy experienced a significant and persistent deviation of GDP per capita from the long-term trend. According to our preferred estimates, the lag explained by this effect alone accounted for 12,2 percent of GDP per capita. Such a significant impact of a single year to some extent contradicts the idea that the problems in the Soviet economy grew gradually. We relate this with the course of reforms in national economic management that took place between 1957 and 1965, when the initial plans to decentralize governance and increase the independence of regional economic administrations were abandoned at the end of 1962. The constructed counterfactual trend is based on data from the Maddison Project and spans centuries. This allows us to conclude that the Soviet economy was not “path-dependent” to exclude movement towards greater prosperity. Using V-Dem data, we found that in 1962, there was a decline in state ownership and direct control of economic sectors in the comparison countries – the measure that correlates best with the deviation from counterfactual trends. However, the nature of this correlation does not permit us to draw a definitive conclusion that the divergence from the trend was due to processes occurring in other countries or opportunities missed by Soviet economy due to its specific nature. An analysis of production factor dynamics and total factor productivity reveals that the slowing down relative to trend corresponds to a slowing down in capital accumulation. Given the increasing rate of capital accumulation, this suggests that rejecting decentralization reduced the efficiency with which capital was allocated.

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Predicting labor market trends through the analysis of open data from job applicants in social networks


TERRA ECONOMICUS, Vol. 23, No 2,

Citation: Azarnova T.V., Dashkova E.S., Dorokhova N.V., Kashirina I.L. (2025). Predicting labor market trends through the analysis of open data from job applicants in social networks. Terra Economicus 23(2), 43–61 (in Russian). DOI: 10.18522/2073-6606-2025-23-2-43-61

The article examines trends in the supply of labor market, including the reduction of supply, “aging” workforce, and widening gap between professional and qualifications of job seekers and vacancies. Economic sociology methodology allowed to identify and analyze the influence of quality variables on current state and development trends of supply. Social networks are proved to be a valuable source of information about professional choice. Special methods for obtaining information from applicant’s route maps and processing with machine learning models allow to build analytical tools for identifying social and behavioral characteristics, predicting future choices. Quality metrics for machine learning models are presented and compared. Results indicate high quality of forecasting tools, which can be used to adjust supply. Practical significance lies in improving career guidance, prediction of applicants’ choice, optimization of the allocation of university places to students, assessment of admission stress index. Our analytical tools allow to assess how the planned indicators correspond with demand for education and to analyze the effectiveness of the mechanism for informing students about market trends.

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The social space of non-governmental services in Russia: A regional perspective


TERRA ECONOMICUS, Vol. 23, No 2,

Citation: Arkhipova E.B., Borodkina O.I. (2025). The social space of non-governmental services in Russia: A regional perspective. Terra Economicus 23(2), 62–76 (in Russian). DOI: 10.18522/20736606-2025-23-2-62-76

Acknowledgment: This study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (RSF) within the project No 24–18–00542 implemented at St. Petersburg State University.

We employ a socio-spatial approach to analyze the development of social services sector in Russian regions. This theoretical framework presents social space as a complex network of interactions between state, non-government, and private social service providers and consumers of social services. The aim of the research was to develop a concept of the social sphere in relation to non-government social services, as well as to conduct a socio-economic analysis of its development in different regions of Russia. The study used official data from government agencies, such as the Ministry of Economic Development and regional registries of social service organizations, as well as data from RAEX-analytics and RIA rating agencies. Based on this analysis, five clusters of regions were identified: 1) leading region (Moscow); 2) regions with a strong non-profit sector; 3) regions with strong commercial sector; 4) catching-up regions; and 5) lagging regions. The results show that the quality of life in leading regions is generally better, while the proportion of low-income and disabled people is highest in lagging and catching-up areas. The development of social infrastructure is largely determined by government support for various forms of social service provision.

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A study of budget vulnerability in commodity-dependent economies: A methodology for accounting for price shocks in exported resources


TERRA ECONOMICUS, Vol. 23, No 2,

Citation: Sokolov I.A., Suchkova O.V., Kazakova J.E., Repkina E.V. (2025). A study of budget vulnerability in commodity-dependent economies: A methodology for accounting for price shocks in exported resources. Terra Economicus 23(2), 77–91 (in Russian). DOI: 10.18522/2073-6606-2025-23-2-77-91

Acknowledgment:

The paper analyzes the impact of fluctuations in the prices of exported goods on government revenues. Despite changes that contribute to diversifying the export structure and increasing budget stability, many countries including Russia still have a strong focus on raw materials exports. The structure of these exports is an important part of the mechanism that transmits the effects of price changes in natural resources to government budgets. A wide range of resources leads to a compensatory effect on budget revenue. In addition, we study not only the standard price for a single commodity, but also the structure of raw materials export through a price index for a basket of raw materials. This index is calculated as a Paasche Index based on contract prices and volumes of sales of the five main categories of natural resources exports in terms of value for each country under consideration. Regression results based on data for 23 exporting countries over the 2000–2021 period confirm a robust positive impact on government revenue from the price index. Although the budgets of raw material exporting countries remain vulnerable to shocks in prices, diversifying their export structures can reduce volatility in government revenue. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates that when only one type of commodity is considered, fiscal vulnerability is overestimated compared with the results obtained when considering the full range of exported products.

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Development of technology and digitalization of public procurement in Russia: An empirical study


TERRA ECONOMICUS, Vol. 23, No 2,

Citation: Belokrylova O., Melnikov V. (2025). Development of technology and digitalization of public procurement in Russia: An empirical study. Terra Economicus 23(2), 92–106 (in Russian). DOI: 10.18522/2073-6606-2025-23-2-92-106

Acknowledgment: The research was funded by the Russian Science Foundation grant № 24-28-01523, https://rscf.ru/project/24-28-01523/ “Toolkit for increasing the effects of technological and anti-sanctions innovations of the contractual procurement system on their availability for business”.

The article examines the digital transformation of the public procurement system in Russia. Our focus is on the current challenges and the prospects for deeper digitalisation. The contractual system for procurement in the public sector aims to foster fair competition, enhance transparency, and make procurement procedures more accessible to business enterprises. Research on this subject often relies on quantitative methods for evaluating changes, but these methods usually cover short periods of time and fail to provide a comprehensive view. This study provides an assessment of procurement data from Russia for the period 2014–2024, focusing on innovations like schedule plans, anti-dumping measures, independent guarantee registries, and the reduction of procurement methods. Our findings show positive trends, including an increase in participation by small- and medium-sized enterprises, more purchases through request for quotations, and fewer electronic auctions. Nevertheless, some negative trends were also identified, such as an increase in failed purchases and a decrease in relative budget savings. We conclude advanced technologies could be adopted to automate routine operations in order to enhance the public procurement process in Russia. Implementing digital assistants could increase efficiency and transparency and make the system more efficient and reliable.

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Eurasian integration: Reality and development prospects in the context of external shocks and fragmentation of global trade


TERRA ECONOMICUS, Vol. 23, No 2,

Citation: Sarygulov A.I., Zvyagintsev A.I., Raipov A.A., Tick A. (2025). Eurasian integration: Reality and development prospects in the context of external shocks and fragmentation of global trade. Terra Economicus 23(2), 107–125 (in Russian). DOI: 10.18522/2073-6606-2025-23-2-107-125

Acknowledgment: The research was funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant № BR21882364 Imperatives of development of Kazakhstan in the Eurasian integration amid challenges and ruptures in the world architectonics).

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the dynamics of the processes of the Eurasian integration since the establishment of the EAEU in 2015, taking into account the events that followed after February 2022, which introduced significant changes in the geography of the foreign trade of the EAEU countries and, to a certain extent, stimulated the processes of fragmentation in world markets. Russia, as the largest economy of the EAEU, experienced a significant restriction on energy exports to Europe, a narrowing of the possibilities of using financial instruments and resources of global markets, which is reflected in the pace of the Eurasian integration. The results show that, given the relatively low competitive advantages in the global markets of all five countries of the EAEU, and the emerging fragmentation of the world trade, their economic integration will be largely predetermined by the development of trade and cooperation ties with the Russian economy. Based on the mathematical model, it is demonstrated that the stability of integration processes to external shocks can be ensured, in particular, by a coordinated macroeconomic policy of the EAEU countries, even if it is of a recommendatory nature.

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A constructivist approach to Vietnam strategy amid U.S. – China geoeconomic rivalry: The case of BRI and IPEF


TERRA ECONOMICUS, Vol. 23, No 2,

Citation: Nguyen N.T., Nguyen A.Q., Tran B.L.X., Tran H.X. (2025). A constructivist approach to Vietnam strategy amid U.S. – China geoeconomic rivalry: The case of BRI and IPEF. Terra Economicus 23(2), 126–136. DOI: 10.18522/2073-6606-2025-23-2-126-136

The critical position of Southeast Asia in general and Vietnam in particular makes them the main “battlefield” of the U.S. – China influence rivalry in the Southeast Asia region. The balancing approach of Vietnam to the superpower rivalry, especially in the context of the United States and China’s geo-economic rivalry in the region, is usually considered the “walking in the tightrope”. The approach of Vietnam is considered a balancing strategy to leverage the benefit from as well as to serve as a hedging strategy to counter any risk from both powers. However, this explanation does not capture the dynamic behind this strategy. Moreover, the ambiguous motivation such as “national interest” is not sufficient in elaborating the dynamic in Vietnam’s unique foreign policy dynamic. As a result, this paper focuses on investigating what is the momentum of Vietnamese strategy through the case of rivalry between China and the United States in geoeconomic terms, specifically the clash between the Chinese Belt Road Initiatives (BRI) and US Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) in the region. By exploring Vietnam’s approach through the lens of constructivism, the paper argues that the distinctive approach in Vietnam foreign policy in navigating the great power competition is heavily rooted in the nation’s historic experience, identity, and regional norm. These findings show that Vietnam’s behavior is not only determined by the national interest but also by the constructivist elements as mentioned above.

Views: 423

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