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TERRA ECONOMICUS

Американская экспансия, русская угроза и активная демократия. Институциональный взгляд на историю триатлона


TERRA ECONOMICUS, , Том 19 (номер 3),
Цитирование: Adelfinsky A.S. (2021). American expansion, Russian threat and active democracy: An institutional perspective on triathlon history. Terra Economicus 19(3): 105–120. DOI: 10.18522/2073-6606-2021-19-3-105-120

Фактическая дуархия в триатлоне, а также акцент его экономической модели на массовом участии – всё это нетипично для олимпийских видов спорта. Помимо некоммерческого International Triathlon Union (ITU), существует сильный экономической конкурент – коммерческая World Triathlon Corporation (WTC), владеющая брендом Ironman и своими независимыми чемпионатами мира. Но истоки данного состояния слабо изучены. Анализ архивных документов, публикаций прессы, мемуаров, а также интервью со-основателей позволили нам реконструировать основные этапы социально-экономической истории триатлона. Фокус статьи на создании органов управления спортом в 1980-х. Также описаны социальные истоки рождения триатлона и первой гонки Iron Man, соперничество чемпионатов между Гавайями и Ниццой, а также конфликты ITU и WTC в 1990–2000-х. Утверждается, что эти конфликты – продолжение трений между представителями Европы и «американского Альянса» при создании органа управления в 1980-х. Их подоплёка – в различиях Европейской и Американской моделей организации спорта. Оспариваются мнение о «русской угрозе», ставшей причиной раскола Международного союза современного пятиборья, биатлона и триатлона (UIPMBT), а также взгляды на развитие ITU как на историю успеха. Показано, что причиной раскола UIPMBT и более раннего раскола Triathlon Federation International стали личные амбиции первого президента ITU Лэса МакДональда, его спорные полит-технологии (т .н. «активная демократия»), плюс экономические интересы «Альянса». Однако в итоге кулуарные победы МакДональда стали Пирровыми для ITU.


Ключевые слова: триатлон; Ironman; экономическая история; кейс-стади; управление спортом; массовый спорт; коммерциализация спорта; Европейская модель спорт

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Издатель: Южный Федеральный Университет
Учредитель: Южный федеральный университет
ISSN: 2073-6606