Излечение от «британской болезни», или специфика трансформации экономики Великобритании в 1980-е годы

Александр А. МАЛЬЦЕВ
кандидат экономических наук, доцент кафедры мировой экономики Уральского государственного экономического университета, г. Екатеринбург, Россия

Сергей И. НЕВСКИЙ
кандидат экономических наук, доцент экономического факультета Московского государственного университета имени М.В. Ломоносова, г. Москва, Россия

TERRA ECONOMICUS, 2016, Том 14 (номер 3),

с. 63-86
DOI: 10.18522/2073-6606-2016-14-3-63-86

В статье рассмотрены особенности трансформации экономики Великобритании в 1980-е гг. Показано, что благодаря экономическим преобразованиям Маргарет Тэтчер Соединенное Королевство не только излечилось от «британской болезни», но и превратилось в одну из первых «постиндустриальных наций» в мире. Авторы считают, что главной причиной британского «институционального склероза» 1960–1970-х гг. являлись сложности с адаптацией институциональной структуры фордистского государства всеобщего благоденствия с присущей ему полной занятостью, социальным коллективизмом, приоритетом промышленного производства и государственным интервенционизмом к вызовам новой эры постфордистского социально-экономического роста с его ставкой на развитие сферы услуг, индивидуализм и децентрализацию государственного сектора. Тэтчеризм рассматривается авторами как способ расчистки институциональных пережитков индустриальной эпохи, препятствующих переходу экономики Британии на новый постиндустриальный этап экономического роста. Особое внимание в статье уделяется изучению причин, по которым монетаризм вытеснил кейнсианство в качестве мейнстрима британского политического и экономического дискурса 1980-х гг. По мнению авторов, выбор праволиберального течения экономической мысли в качестве фундамента тэтчеризма был обусловлен не столько теоретической красотой данных идей, якобы очаровавших «железную леди» и ее соратников, сколько соответствием данных концепций насущным хозяйственным задачам эпохи. Систематизируются отличительные черты экономической философии тэтчеризма. Главной из них стало замещение основанной на государственном патернализме «культуры зависимости» «культурой предпринимательства», поощряющей личную инициативу и ответственность. В конечном счете, благодаря болезненным, но необходимым реформам 1980-х гг. Британия снова стала Великой.

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Ключевые слова: монетаризм; кейнсианство; тэтчеризм; экономика Великобритании; постиндустриализм; социально-экономические реформы; созидательное разрушение

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Издатель: Южный Федеральный Университет
Учредитель: Южный федеральный университет
ISSN: 2073-6606